On my Ubuntu 16.10 laptop the Unity56TestLinux.x86 executable gave me a window with no contents until I full-screened it, then it seemed to work. The second time I ran it worked directly (it remembered the fullscreen setting I guess). The Unity56TestLinux.x86_64 popped up a window briefly and then aborted without an informative error message (just 'Aborted'). Kind of surprising, since my OS/environment is 64bit, so its the reverse of what should have happened.
I'm running the 375.39 NVidia driver with a GTX 1080. I have something called vulkaninfo, but when I run that I get '/build/vulkan-ijAUlz/vulkan-1.0.21.0+dfsg1/demos/vulkaninfo.c:1415: failed with VK_ERROR_INITIALIZATION_FAILED' so I suspect there might be something wrong with my (64bit?) Vulkan driver?
Works fine under Wine by the way, even windowed.