Depends on the OS. If you can get to the voltage settings it's pretty easy to cause hardware destruction. And once even a single microscopic transistor goes the computer is likely to start tasting colors.
I don't think modern OSes allow that. But yes. That would do it.
For that matter, some games achieve overheat-shutdown on video cards without trying.
That, I think, is something else entirely. XD
When I rebuilt my PC for the...uh...fourth? time, I didn't have enough cooling, and Windows, while idle, was floating at 95C or higher. The default BIOS settings were set to throw heat warning beeps at 80C and to shutdown the computer to prevent damage at 100C, IIRC.