See attached for my galaxy layout suggestion
. And while I'm commenting on the galaxy map I'll mention
3586 from Mantis.
I think for non-context sensitive things, a flyout menu bar that is accessed by standard hotkeys might make the most sense. Basically just like you suggested with say keys 1-9 (or whatever) to access each item on the flyout menu. The advantage here is you aren't blocking the middle of the screen with a menu. This could make multi-step actions (arc move) a little cleaner since the menu could remain open and in fact change as you progress through each stage of the action.
But for things that are truly is context sensitive, I'd leave it.