I don't know that any of the error logs will let you solve it on your end, but most of them go here for a steam install:
C:\Program Files (x86)\Steam\steamapps\common\AI War Fleet Command\RuntimeData\
(assuming it's on the C drive, of course)
Note that you might not find a particular log file if the game has never reached a point where it would log something to it.
There's also one here:
C:\Program Files (x86)\Steam\steamapps\common\AI War Fleet Command\AIWar_Data\output_log.txt
Anyway, if you do see any log messages related to the crash-on-startup when running from steam, please do let us know, as it'd be great to figure out what's happening
My steam copy runs just fine, so it isn't being helpful in that regard.