I thought border aggression needed a few 1000 ships to do that. And the announced attack into the sector that was 3 hops from a red planet was caused by attacking a guard post?
Then a lot has changed since I played. To bad the tutorial doesn't cover any of this. Are there any rules for cross planet attacks that have changed? It used to be, that they would only attack sectors where there were warp gates. Now it seems they will attack planets bordering even neutered planets.
Border Aggression & Cross Planet Attacks aren't the same thing.
First you need to understand that there's 3 "modes" for AI ships to be in. Guarding, Special Forces or "Free".
Guarding ships sit in a system & wait for you to attack. Once you attack they switch to "Free". If you retreat out of the system they can & will counter-attack (which can be used to your advantage).
Special Forces travel between Special Forces Guard Posts. If that puts them into one of your systems or you attack the system they are in they will switch to "Free".
Border Agression is the AI's releasing a build up of ships in a system to attack you by basically taking some ships that were on Guard duty & freeing them. It's mainly to stop you being complacent about defending your systems once you've gate raided and/or neutered a system. You can see how many "Free" ships there are at any time in the summary. Any "Free" ships on AI planets are shown under 'Threat', any on your planets are shown under 'Attack'. These ships can be of any level depending on the system they were freed from hence having a mark III or IV system bordering your core worlds & freeing ships periodically is likely not going to end well if you don't have adequate defences.
Cross Planet Attacks (CPAs) are announced like waves & you usually have between 5 & 15 minutes depending on the difficulty before they start. When a CPA is announced the AI's pick a number of ships from all of its planets & changes them from Guard to "Free". The AI's will only pick the same level of ships as the current waves would send (numeral in brackets under the AI Progress on the summary). These ships will group up to attack you & the AI's aren't dumb about where to attack, they will go for your most weakly defended systems where possible. It's not uncommon to have a few systems each being attacked by a few hundred ships simultaneously depending on how many ingress points the AI has to your systems.
All of this stuff is covered in the Wiki & the only change to any of the above between v3 & v4 is the lowering of the border agression cap to discourage blobbing by both players & the AI's.
This game isn't designed to be easy or a walkover. Expect to lose every game you start & when you win, analyze how you did it, turn up the AI difficulty on a new map & try again until you don't.