You can get the damage modifiers by starting a new game (making sure it is not one you want to save), hitting F3 so that the debug info shows, and then hitting Ctrl+Shift+F8. The game will then silently close, and you will have various Excel xml files in your Data folder. ShipStatsFull, or something along those lines in wording, has the damage modifiers amongst other things. It's also on the community wiki, but that is not even current as of 3.0.
I see what you mean about the AI types. There's not a comprehensive list of those anywhere online, unfortunately. Those are in the in-game help (or under Language/en/main.xml for the main game and Expansions/1/Language/en/1main.xml for the expansion). Search for TAIT in those files, and you can find their text blocks pretty quickly, and could just cut and paste those into a single document that you could then refer to. That's where the game gets the tooltip text it uses, so it's definitely up to date, etc. If there is not a UAIT entry or similar, then that AI type simple does not have any unique units listed, and is chiefly a behavioral shift.
Hope that helps!